The American Civil War Essay Example for Free

The American Civil War Essay After the War of Independence the United States of America was governed by the Articles of Confederation. This provided for a weak central government and strong state governments. However, it proved unworkable and a new Constitution was adopted that resulted in a stronger Federal government with powers which included regulating interstate commerce as well as foreign affairs. The different states had varying policies concerning slavery. In some areas of the country where religious groups such as the Quakersplayed a prominent role in political life, there was strong opposition to having slaves. Rhode Island abolished slavery in 1774 and was soon followed by Vermont (1777), Pennsylvania (1780), Massachusetts (1781), New Hampshire (1783), Connecticut (1784), New York (1799) and New Jersey (1804). The new states of Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Oregon, California and Illinois also did not have slaves. The importation of slaves from other countries was banned in 1808. However, the selling of slaves within the southern states continued. Conflict grew in the 19th century between the northern and southern states over the issue of slavery. The northern states were going through an industrial revolution and desperately needed more people to work in its factories. Industrialists in the North believed that, if freed, the slaves would leave the South and provide the labour they needed. The North also wanted tariffs on imported foreign goods to protect their new industries. The South was still mainly agricultural and purchased a lot of goods from abroad and was therefore against import tariffs. In 1831 Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan established the first Anti-Slavery Society in New York. When two years later it became a national organization, Tappan was elected its first president. William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, Samuel Eli Cornish, Angelina Grimke, Sarah Grimke Robert Purvis, Wendell Phillips, John Greenleaf Whittier, Frederick Douglass, Lucretia Mott, Lydia Maria Child, William Wells Brownsoon emerged as the main figures in the organization. Its main supporters were from religious groups such as the Quakers and from the free black community. By 1840 the society had 250,000 members, published more than twenty journals and 2,000 local chapters. The growth in the Antislavery Society worried slaveowners in the South. They feared that the activities of the abolitionists would make it more difficult to run their plantation system. Where possible they wanted to see an expansion of slavery into other areas. They therefore supported the annexation of Texas as they were certain it would become a slave state. They also favoured the Mexican War and agitated for the annexation of Cuba. Conflict grew in the middle of 19th century between the northern and southern states over the issue of slavery. The northern states were going through an industrial revolution and desperately needed more people to work in its factories. Industrialists in the North believed that, if freed, the slaves would leave the South and provide the labour they needed. The North also wanted tariffs on imported foreign goods to protect their new industries. The South was still mainly agricultural and purchased a lot of goods from abroad and was therefore against import tariffs. In 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law. In future, any federal marshal who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave could be fined $1,000. People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership. A suspected black slave could not ask for a jury trial nor testify on his or her behalf. Any person aiding a runaway slave by providing shelter, food or any other form of assistance was liable to six months imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Those officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee and this encouraged some officers to kidnap free African Americans and sell them to slave-owners. Frederick Douglass, Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison and John Greenleaf Whittier led the fight against the Fugitive Slave Law. Even moderate anti-slavery leaders such as Arthur Tappan declared he was now willing to disobey the law and as a result helped fund theUnderground Railroad. In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced his Kansas-Nebraska bill to the Senate. These states could now enter the Union with or without slavery. Frederick Douglass warned that the bill was an open invitation to a fierce and bitter strife. The result of this legislation was to open the territory to organized migrations of pro-slave and anti-slave groups. Southerners now entered the area with their slaves while active members of the Antislavery Society also arrived. Henry Ward Beecher, condemned the bill from his pulpit and helped to raise funds to supply weapons to those willing to oppose slavery in these territories. Kansas elected its first legislature in March, 1855. Although less than 2,000 people were qualified to take part in these elections, over 6,000 people voted. These were mainly Missouri slave-owners who had crossed the border to make sure pro-slavery candidates were elected. The new legislature passed laws that imposed the death penalty for anyone helping a slave to escape and two years in jail for possessing abolitionist literature. In 1856 Abraham Lincoln joined the Republican Party and unsuccessfully challenged Stephen A. Douglas for his seat in the Senate. Lincoln was opposed to Douglass proposal that the people living in the Louisiana Purchase (Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, the Dakotas, Montana, and parts of Minnesota, Colorado and Wyoming) should be allowed to own slaves. Lincoln argued that the territories must be kept free for poor people to go and better their condition. Abraham Lincoln raised the issue of slavery again in 1858 when he made a speech at Quincy, Illinois. Lincoln argued: We have in this nation the element of domestic slavery. The Republican Party think it wrong we think it is a moral, a social, and a political wrong. We think it is wrong not confining itself merely to the persons of the States where it exists, but that it is a wrong which in its tendency, to say the least, affects the existence of the whole nation. Because we think it wrong, we propose a course of policy that shall deal with it as a wrong. We deal with it as with any other wrong, insofar as we can prevent it growing any larger, and so deal with it that in the run of time there may be some promise of an end to it. Lincolns speech upset Southern slaveholders and poor whites, who valued the higher social status they enjoyed over slaves. However, with rapid European immigration taking place in the North, they had a declining influence over federal government. Opponents of slavery were also becoming more militant in their views. John Brown and five of his sons moved to Kansas Territory to help antislavery forces obtain control of this region. With the support of Gerrit Smith and other prominent Abolitionists, Brown moved to Virginia where he established a refuge for runaway slaves. In 1859 John Brown led a party of 21 men in a successful attack on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry. Brown hoped that his action would encourage slaves to join his rebellion, enabling him to form an emancipation army. Two days later the armory was stormed by Robert E. Lee and a company of marines. Brown and six men barricaded themselves in an engine-house, and continued to fight until Brown was seriously wounded and two of his sons had been killed. Brown was executed on 2nd December, 1859. Southern slaveholders were outraged when in 1860 the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its presidential candidate in 1860. They looked to the Democratic Party to defend its interests but when it met in Charleston in April, 1860, it selected, Stephen A. Douglas. Unhappy with this decision, Southern delegates decided to hold another convention in Baltimore in June, where they selected John Breckenridge of Kentucky to fight the election. The situation was further complicated by the formation of the Constitutional Union Party and the nomination of John Bell of Tennessee as its presidential candidate. Abraham Lincoln won with 1,866,462 votes (18 free states) and beat Stephen A. Douglas (1,375,157 1 slave state), John Breckenridge(847,953 13 slave states) and John Bell (589,581 3 slave states). In January 1862 the Union Army began to push the Confederates southward. The following month Ulysses S. Grant took his army along the Tennessee River with a flotilla of gunboats and captured Fort Henry. This broke the communications of the extended Confederate line andJoseph E. Johnston decided to withdraw his main army to Nashville. He left 15,000 men to protect Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River but this was not enough and Grant had no difficulty taking this prize as well. With western Tennessee now secured, Abraham Lincoln was now able to set up a Union government in Nashville by appointing Andrew Johnson as its new governor. General George McClellan appointed Allan Pinkerton to employ his agents to spy on the Confederate Army. His reports exaggerated the size of the enemy and McClellan was unwilling to launch an attack until he had more soldiers available. Under pressure from Radical Republicans in Congress, Abraham Lincoln decided in January, 1862, to remove the conservative Simon Cameron as Secretary of War, and replace him with Edwin M. Stanton. Soon after this Lincoln ordered George McClellan to appear before a committee investigating the way the war was being fought. On 15th January, 1862, McClellan had to face the hostile questioning of Benjamin Wade and Zachariah Chandler. Wade asked McClellan why he was refusing to attack the Confederate Army. He replied that he had to prepare the proper routes of retreat. Chandler then said: General McClellan, if I understand you correctly, before you strike at the rebels you want to be sure of plenty of room so that you can run in case they strike back. Wade added Or in case you get scared. After McClellan left the room, Wade and Chandler came to the conclusion that McClellan was guilty of infernal, unmitigated cowardice. As a result of this meeting Abraham Lincoln decided he must find a way to force McClellan into action. On 31st January he issued General War Order Number One. This ordered McClellan to begin the offensive against the enemy before the 22nd February. Lincoln also insisted on being consulted about McClellans military plans. Lincoln disagreed with McClellans desire to attack Richmond from the east. Lincoln only gave in when the division commanders voted 8 to 4 in favour of McClellans strategy. However, Lincoln no longer had confidence in McClellan and removed him from supreme command of the Union Army. He also insisted that McClellan left 30,000 men behind to defendWashington. Albert S. Johnston and Pierre T. Beauregard reunited their Confederate armies near the Tennessee-Mississippi line. With 55,000 men they now outnumbered the forces led by Ulysses S. Grant. On 6th April the Confederate Army attacked Grants army at Shiloh. Taken by surprise, Grants army suffered heavy losses until the arrival of General Don Carlos Buell and reinforcements. During the fighting Albert S. Johnston was killed and the new commander, Pierre T. Beauregard, decided to retreat to Corinth, Mississippi.Shiloh was the greatest battle so far of the Civil War. The Union Army suffered 13,000 casualties and the Confederates lost 10,000. However, the Union Army, with the arrival of General Henry Halleck and his troops, were now the stronger and had little difficulty driving Beauregard out of Corinth. The difference in manpower between the two sides now becoming more noticeable. Whereas the Union consisted of 23 states and 22,000,000 people, the Confederacy had only 9,000,000 people (including 3,500,000 slaves). President Jefferson Davis now announced that the South could not win the war without conscription. In April the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which drafted white men between eighteen and thirty-five for three years service. In May, 1862 General David Hunter began enlisting black soldiers in the occupied districts of South Carolina. He was ordered to disband the 1st South Carolina (African Descent) but eventually got approval from Congress for his action. Hunter also issued a statement that all slaves owned by Confederates in the area were free. Lincoln quickly ordered Hunter to retract his proclamation as he still feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to join the Confederates. Radical Republicans were furious and John Andrew, the governor of Massachusetts, said that from the day our government turned its back on the proclamation of General Hunter, the blessing of God has been withdrawn from our arms. The actions of General David Hunter and Lincolns reaction stimulated a discussion on the recruitment of black soldiers in the Northern press. Wendell Phillips asked, How many times are we to save Kentucky and lose the war? This debate was also taking place in the Cabinet, as Edwin M. Stanton was now advocating the creation of black regiments in the Union Army. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement, urged Lincoln to convert the war into a war on slavery. Lincoln replied that he would continue to place the Union ahead of all else. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. The federal fleet under David Farragut captured the forts guarding the New Orleans in April, 1862. The following month General Benjamin F. Butler and his troops took control of the city. Butler was accused of treating Rebels very harshly and after ordering the execution of a man who had torn down the United States flag, he was nicknamed the beast. Alexander Walker, a pro-Confederate journalist who was one of those arrested, complained that the prisoners were: closely confined in portable houses and furnished with the most wretched and unwholesome condemned soldiers rations. He added that some were compelled to wear a ball and chain, which is never removed. President Jefferson Davis accused Benjamin F. Butler of inciting African slaves to insurrection by arming them for war. Davis issued a statement ordering that Butler no longer be considered or treated simply as a public enemy of the Confederate States of America, but as an outlaw and common enemy of mankind, and that, in the event of his capture, the officer in command of the captured force do cause him to be immediately executed by hanging. During the summer of 1862, George McClellan and the Army of the Potomac, took part in what became known as the Peninsular Campaign. The main objective was to capture Richmond, the base of the Confederate government. McClellan and his 115,000 troops encountered the Confederate Army at Williamsburg on 5th May. After a brief battle the Confederate forces retreated South. McClellan moved his troops into the Shenandoah Valley and along with John C. Fremont, Irvin McDowell and Nathaniel Banks surroundedThomas Stonewall Jackson and his 17,000 man army. First Jackson attacked John C. Fremont at Cross Keys before turning on Irvin McDowell at Port Republic. Jackson then rushed his troops east to join up with Joseph E. Johnston and the Confederate forces fighting McClellan in the suburbs the city. General Joseph E. Johnston with some 41,800 men counter-attacked McClellans slightly larger army at Fair Oaks. The Union Army lost 5,031 men and the Confederate Army 6,134. Johnson was badly wounded during the battle and General Robert E. Lee now took command of the Confederate forces. On 26th June, 1862, Major General John Pope, was appointed the commander of the new Army of Virginia. Pope soon made it clear he intended to develop an aggressive approach to the war. Soon after taking command he issued a proclamation to his troops: I have come to you from the West, where we have always seen the backs of our enemies; from an army whose business it has been to seek the adversary, and to beat him where he was found; whose policy has been attack and not defense. I presume that I have been called here to pursue the same system and to lead you against the enemy. It is my purpose to do so, and that speedily. Major General John Pope was instructed to move east to Blue Ridge Mountains towards Charlottesville. It was hoped that this move would help McClellan by drawing Robert E. Lee away from defending Richmond. Lees 80,000 troops were now faced with the prospect of fighting two large armies: McClellan (90,000) and Pope (50,000) Joined by Thomas Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, and George Pickett, the Confederate troops attacked George McClellan atGaines Mill. and on 27th June. After severe fighting the Union Army losses were 893 killed, 3,107 wounded and 2,836 missing. Whereas the Confederate Army had 8,751 killed and wounded. George McClellan wrote to Abraham Lincoln complaining that a lack of resources was making it impossible to defeat the Confederate forces. He also made it clear that he was unwilling to employ tactics that would result in heavy casualties. He claimed that ever poor fellow that is killed or wounded almost haunts me! On 1st July, 1862, McClellan and Lincoln met at Harrison Landing. McClellan once again insisted that the war should be waged against the Confederate Army and not slavery. In July, 1862, John Pope decided to try a capture Gordonsville, a railroad junction between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley. Pope selected Nathaniel Banks to carry out the task. Robert E. Lee considered Gordonsville to be strategically very important and sent Thomas Stonewall Jackson to protect the town. On 9th August, Jackson defeated Banks at Cedar Run. George McClellan and army based at Harrisons Landing was told to join Popes campaign to take the railroad junction. When Lee heard this news he brought together all the troops he had available to Gordonsville. On 29th August, troops led by Thomas Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet, attacked Popes Union Army at Manassas, close to where the first battle of Bull Run had been fought. Pope and his army was forced to retreat across Bull Run. The Confederate Army pursued the Army of Virginia until they reached Chantilly on 1st September. The Union Army lost 15,000 men at Bull Run. John Pope was blamed for the defeat. A staff officer later recalled that Pope was entirely deceived and outgeneralled. His own conceit and pride of opinion led him into these mistakes. Relieved of his command Pope was sent to Minnesota to deal with a Sioux uprising. The government was now seriously concerned about the poor performance of the Union Army and Salmon Chase (Secretary of the Treasury), Edwin M. Stanton (Secretary of War) and vice president Hannibal Hamlin, who were all strong opponents of slavery, led the campaign to have George McClellan sacked. Unwilling to do this, Abraham Lincoln decided to put McClellan in charge of all forces in theWashington area. George McClellan became a field commander again when the Confederate Army invaded Maryland in September. McClellan and Major General Ambrose Burnside attacked the armies of Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson at Antietam on 17th September. Outnumbered, Lee and Jackson held out until Ambrose Hill and reinforcements arrived. It was the most costly day of the war with the Union Army having 2,108 killed, 9,549 wounded and 753 missing. Although far from an overwhelming victory, Lincoln realized the significance of Antietam and on 22nd September, 1862, he felt strong enough to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln told the nation that from the 1st January, 1863, all slaves in states or parts of states, still in rebellion, would be freed. However, to keep the support of the conservatives in the government, this proclamation did not apply to border slave states: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri that had remained loyal. Lincoln now wanted George McClellan to go on the offensive against the Confederate Army. However, McClellan refused to move, complaining that he needed fresh horses. Radical Republicans now began to openly question McClellans loyalty. Could the commander be loyal who had opposed all previous forward movements, and only made this advance after the enemy had been evacuated wrote George W. Julian. Whereas William P. Fessenden came to the conclusion that McClellan was utterly unfit for his position. Frustrated by McClellan unwillingness to attack, Abraham Lincoln recalled him to to Washington with the words: My dear McClellan: If you dont want to use the Army I should like to borrow it for a while. On 7th November Lincoln removed McClellan from all commands and replaced him with Ambrose Burnside. Throughout the autumn of 1862 the Confederate Army continued to make progress in Kentucky. However, in September, General E. Kirby Smith was halted by Union troops led by General Don Carlos Buell in Covington. The following month General Braxton Bragg installed a Confederate government in Frankfort, Kentucky. However, this was short-lived and on 8th October, 1862, Bragg came under attack atPerryville (Chaplin Hills). During the battle Don Carlos Buell lost 4,211 men (845 killed, 2,851 wounded, and 515 missing) whereas Braxton Bragg lost 3,396 (510 killed, 2635 wounded and 251 missing). After the battle Bragg was forced to retreat back to Tennessee. General Ambrose Burnside had replaced George McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac on 7th November, 1862. After complaints that had been made by President Abraham Lincoln and the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, about the inaction of the Union Army, Burnside was determined to immediately launch an attack on the Confederate Army. With a force of 122,000, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, Edwin Sumner, William Franklin attacked General Robert E. Lee and his army of 78,500, at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on 13th December. Sharpshooters based in the town initially delayed the Union Army from building a pontoon bridge across the Rappahnnock River. After clearing out the snipers the federal forces had the problem of mounting frontal assaults against troops commanded by James Longstreet. At the end of the day the Union Army had 12,700 men killed or wounded. The well protected Confederate Army suffered losses of 5,300. Ambrose Burnside wanted to renew the attack the following morning but was talked out of it by his commanders.

Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Greatness Prevails   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is Gatsby truly great? There are a couple of different types of greatness. In fact there is â€Å"good† greatness and â€Å"bad† greatness. Adolph Hitler, although a horrible man was a great leader, he convinced and entire army that it was right to kill non-white, non-Christians. There are war heroes who are great because they fight for the cause and risk their own lives to save others. Gatsby was great in a different sense though. Gatsby is truly great because he led an incorruptible life in devotion of following his dream of a romanticized life with Daisy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby started off as a poor man who has to struggle through life. The only nice clothes that he has is his army uniform, which Daisy, his girlfriend enjoys when he wears she thinks that he looks nice. Gatsby is in love with Daisy and she is in love with him but because he was so poor they cannot get married. To survive Gatsby has to join the army and when he goes to war Daisy marries Tom, a rich stockbroker from New York, who gives Daisy a life of luxury. The problem, unbeknown to Daisy is that he is cheating on her. When Gatsby returns from battle he notices that Daisy has married a rich man and after realizing that Daisy was after Tom’s money Gatsby figures that the only way to get her back is by becoming rich himself. Once Gatsby has his dream of being rich he makes it his goal in life†¦to fulfill the needs of Daisy and marry her. Although luring ones wife into marrying yourself is not polite, it does make Gatsby great because it takes a strong willed man to make a li fe goal and stick to it Gatsby changes many things in his life when he makes his decision of becoming rich, he wants money, and he wants it as fast as possible. Since he had no real education he decides that he must attend college. Gatsby spends six months in Oxford University in England, but obviously it isn’t enough because he then seeks help from another rich man. This person supported Gatsby in his quest for Daisy and even gave him money to start his investment. A quick way to get rich fast is to be a criminal and steel money various ways. This man taught Gatsby the â€Å"trick of the trade† or the secret behind being steeling money to become rich.

Environmental and external analysis of Pepsi in UK

Pepsi in UK is an entity of Pepsi International division of Pepsi Inc USA. Pepsi is the worlds 3rd largest snack and beverage company. (Rafey. R et, el). As well Pepsi is the 2nd largest manufacturer of carbonated soft drinks in the world. (Rafey. R et, el). Pepsi in UK is one of the largest operations of Pepsi Inc comparable to Pepsi Mexico.In UK Pepsi Company’s main competitors are local manufacturing companies in food and beverage industry and other retailers. As well it faces competition from international                         Companies like Coke, Cadbury, Schweppes and Kraft etc. (Rafey. R et, el). In UK Pepsi faces sever competition from these companies and the UK market is complex and dynamic in nature.The nature of SWOT analysis and its value in developing Marketing strategies and Marketing Plan.  SWOT analysis means strengths and weaknesses of an entities internal environment in terms of human, technical, organizational, information systems operat ional processes and models management culture and leadership style. It also considers opportunities and threats of its immediate market conditions as well as opportunities arising from the internal organizational strengths and the threats arising from the weaknesses of its internal environment. Also read: Gardenia Bread Pricing StrategyIn addition it also considers opportunities and threats arising from macro environment such as the economic conditions, social factors, demographic factors, ethical and environmental factors, legal and regulatory factors, financial factors such as exchange rate volatility, interest rate and global economic condition and outlook in a global world economy in the 21st century.   This analysis is necessary to develop marketing strategies and plans suitable to each market segment such as positioning,  pricing, promotion, distribution channel decisions, adverting methods decisions and public relations, brand development company image building and the revision of plans on a continuous basis if conditions change in internal and external environment and to change strategies.Strengths of Pepsi in UKPepsi in UK has considerable operations in UK and has developed a reputation of its brand it has the strength to compete with local manufacturers and in ternational competitors. As well it has a flexible distribution channel and a range of products, which are comparable in quality and price as well it has developed marketing plans and strategies in place it has the capacity to compete with the local manufacturers and international competitors. That is Pepsi in UK have competitive strength more than adequate to compete effectively in the UK market which is vital to survive and grow in the future.(Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005). Pepsi in UK has several product ranges and has developed new products on a continuous basis. It also has a management culture internally to develop new products, which satisfies emerging customer needs. In a market such as UK, which is dynamic in nature it is vital to produce new products and a variety of product lines to compete effectively in such a dynamic market place. There fore Pepsi in UK has the strength of having an innovative management culture and management processes within the company and it is str ength to minimize risks and maximize returns for its shareholders in a socially responsible manner. (Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005).In addition to the above Pepsi in UK has a state of the art technological infrastructure particularly information system infrastructure which is crucial in making sound decisions and respond to market changes as quickly as possible in a cost conscious manner. This is vital in a market like UK, as the competitors will strive to keep cost down and compete in price and quality in this market. Pepsi in UK has the technological strength comparable to  its competitors. This is a vital strength in a market like UK. (Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005).Weaknesses of Pepsi UK  As the market is dynamic and unpredictable in terms of changes in consumer tastes, demographic changes and social norms and customs. There fore Pepsi may not be able to anticipate such changes accurately all the time and may loose its customers to its competitors if they are able to capture s uch changes better than Pepsi. That is Pepsi in UK faces competitive risk to considerable extent  Ã‚   There fore if risks are not managed or unmanageable it is a weakness of Pepsi UK in operating in such market conditions. In addition the economic cycles may affect its industry and if Pepsi in UK cannot manage these risks then it may affect its profitability and the potential for growth in the UK market. Economic cycles are unpredictable to some extent and it may not able to predict accurately the economic cycles and its operations are exposed to these market risks, which are uncontrollable, completely by Pepsi in UK and it is a weakness of Pepsi in UK.Opportunities of Pepsi in UK  In UK market Pepsi has an opportunity to develop new products because the UK market is dynamic in its nature its consumers have considerable purchasing power as UK is a developed industrial country.   It has a stable economic and financial system. In addition the market is diverse and Pepsi can fin d niche markets where competition is not severe and can introduce new products and market existing products to these profitable market segments. As UK has an advanced communication and information technology infrastructure Pepsi can use information technology and e-commerce models to increase its growth potentials and build flexible distribution channels and businesses alliances to increase efficiency of operations and reduce costs.There fore it have an opportunity to  have a competitive cost structure and comparable profit margin of its core business and enable to have a competitive price in different market segments and appropriate quality comparable to its competitors. The technological feasibility and using technology is an opportunity for Pepsi UK to improve its efficiency in operations and improve profitability and have a competitive edge in UK markets is a definite opportunity for Pepsi in UK.Threats of Pepsi in UK  Pepsi in UK faces many economic threats and risk factors . They are future economic outlook in terms future economic growth, inflation and unemployment and exchange rate, and interest rate. These are difficult to predict and these factors affect the consumer disposable income and there fore affects demand for the goods and services of Pepsi in UK. Some of these factors are volatile such as exchange rates and interest rats and inflation. These are definitely a major threat or risk to its operations in UK for Pepsi in UK. The other threats are unpredictable consumer taste changes, degree of competition in UK, legal and regulatory changes in health and safety, employment law, environmental laws, which may add to the cost to Pepsi’s operations and adversely affects its profitability.In addition in a global economic environment the UK economy will be affected by shocks of economic political problems in other countries as it affect the trade and capital flows and there fore global factors and outlook in economic growth and social and pol itical factors may indirectly affect Pepsi’s profitability as these factors affect the UK economy and may indirectly affect Pepsi’s profitability if these factors negatively affect the UK economy in general.Conclusion  As discussed above Pepsi in UK has strength to survive and grow in the UK market if it can manage the risks and reduce its weaknesses and act in the UK market in a socially responsible manner. However some risk cannot be reduced and it must not operate in  such market segments depending on the degree of competition and the future growth potential as well as its strength of its cost structure and price and quality and its capacity to counteract the marketing strategies of its competitors. It has the potential to develop niche markets in UK particularly evaluating the profitability of these segments and entering in to these segments early before the competitors enter. In addition it can also introduce healthy new products by identifying customer emergi ng needs and supplying it by developing a flexible distribution channel and leverage technology to reduce cost of operations and there by increasing profit margin.It must also have a risk management system to minimize risk as these markets pose considerable risk to its operations. Pepsi in UK has such systems and they have the potential to some degree minimize some of the threats and have the capacity to reduce some weaknesses in its organizational processes and operational planning and control mechanisms. Analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Pepsi in UK can develop marketing strategies and plans to identify niche markets which are profitable, Use information technology to improve its distribution channel efficiency and use it to identify customer needs, use effective public relations to boost the company image as a socially responsible company.Assess risk factors and enter into market segments where it has less risks and more return or capacity to manage r isks, Use appropriate pricing, adverting and promotions to each market segments to boost sales in a cost effective manner. Introduce new products in to profitable market segments on a continuous basis-satisfying customer emerging needs accurately as possible. Revise and monitor marketing plans and changing strategies if conditions change on a regular basis. By adopting these marketing strategies and plans Pepsi in UK can survive and grow in UK in the short to medium term.BibliographyBauerschmidt, A   & Bloodgood, J.M.2002, ‘Competitive Analysis: Do Managers Accurately Compare Their Firms to Competitors?’, Journal of managerial Issues 14, 4,   March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001904195  Diversity: Programs Become Valuable Tools for Increased Profitability 1998, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001407649 Kay, J.A.1995, ‘Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies Add Valueâ€℠¢, Oxford University Press, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29059159Mccall, J. B & Stone, M.A. 2004,   ‘International Strategic Marketing: A[N] European Perspective’, Routledge, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107561930Moss, M.R. 2000, ‘Mapping out Your Firm's Success’, Black Enterprise 30, 8, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001170134PEPSICO 2005, March 14, 2007 Available at: http://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Investors/AnnualReports/05/Pepsi2005Annual.pdf  Rafey, R et, el. ‘ PEPSI CO (PEP)’, March 14, 2007Available at: www.yorkinvestmentclub.com/slides/pepsi.pptShapira, P. 1998, ‘Extending Manufacturing Extension†, Issues in Science and Technology, 14, 3, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001335408Swot Analysis Will Do the World of Good; Business Quiz 2006, Liverpool Echo, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5017750581Turner, M.F. 2001, ‘How Does Your Company Measure Up?’, Black Enterprise   32, 4, March 14, 2007 Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000894763

I Am A Staff Nurse Working At Gynaecology Department...

Assignment of the Module Part 1. I am a staff nurse working in gynaecology department delivering care for the pregnant women with different complications whilst pregnant and caring for any client with gynaecology problem. The aim of this assignment is to focus on the mentor role and to make sure that the student has met the criteria required for the clinical placements. A mentor is therefore an individual who has achieved the knowledge, skills and competence required to meet the defined outcomes of stage 2 of the developmental framework to support learning and assessment in practice(NMC,2006a). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008a) defines â€Å"the role of a mentor as someone who facilitates learning, supervises and assesses learners in practice settings (p 45). The role of a mentor is to help facilitate the development of future generations of nurses and midwives. As a mentor i have the privilege and responsibility to help students translate theory into practice, and making what is learned in the classroom a reality. Passing on your knowledge and skills is one of the most essential roles I can undertake, and it can be very rewarding. As a mentor I am required to offer the student support and guidance in the practice area. My role is to enable the student to make sense of their practice, to apply of theory into practice. As a mentor I assess and expectations of a mentor. As a mentor, I should normally support no more than three students at

Journal Article Review - Global Strategy An Organising Framework - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2090 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Journal article review Introduction: This review critiques and analyses the article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Global Strategy: An Organizing Frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, written by Sumantra Ghoshal, which appeared in the journal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Strategic Management Journalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vol 8, 425-440), published in 1987. This review will begin by summarising the article. It will then briefly analyse the effectiveness of the article based on how it was structured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" investigating how the information is set out and whether the readers can access it effectively and with ease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Journal Article Review Global Strategy: An Organising Framework" essay for you Create order And finally the article will be critiqued based upon its authority and accuracy, and how current and relevant the information presented is. The review will also analyse any graphs and tables before finally judging the articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accessibility and credibility. The central theme of the paper is to present a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"conceptual framework encompassing a range of different issues relevant to global strategiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The framework provides a foundation for organising the existing and the growing literature on international competition and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"creating a map of the fieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This article can be used for both teaching and future research, but more importantly this article is most beneficial for manager of multinational corporation. Which is aimed at providing then with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relating and synthesizing the different perspectives and prescriptions that are currently available for global strategic managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The writer has reviewed Global Strategy in an unbiased way by presenting both the positive and negative consequences and views of each concept within the framework. Overall the article is presented clearly, well written and fluent, as is it relevant to the topic. Summary: The purpose of this paper is to provide an organising framework which could possibly help managers of multinational corporations (MNCs) and/or academics in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"formulating the various issues that arise in global strategic managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This article serves as a basis for organising existing literature on the topic of global strategy. This is a result of corporate objectives being multidimensional and quite often seen to be mutually contradictory, thus causing difficulty for both researchers and practitioners to deal with the rich literature on global strategies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Actions to achieve a particular objective often impede another equally important objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢ (Ghoshal, 1987). The article begins by presenting the multiple arrays of perspectives and prescription that are created by various other writers in the field. He explains that the difference between authors and their views on global strategy and how to manage them are not limited. He gives a brief insight into the views of 4 different authors and how on various occasions these views may contradict each other yet none of these can be truly criticised. Therefore this framework provides the key strategic objectives of MNCs and the tools that one is required to posses in order to achieve them from an range of different writers. He continues most of this article referencing back to these other authors to support his views. The article further goes onto explaining how this integrated analysis of different means and ends are more helpful than a simple categorizing scheme which only distinguishes between global and multi-domestic strategies. Before elaborating on the different mea ns and ends, the author presented a simple argument on the goals of multinationals and their strategic objectives. He states that there are 3 broad categories which must be considered when generating an inclusive checklist of factors and issues that are to be considered when reviewing different strategic alternatives. These factors include: Achieving efficiency in its current activities Managing risks associated with carrying out these activities Developing internal learning capabilities so as to be able to innovate and adapt to future changes. The writer provides this simply and straightforwardly in a table that displays the factors that may be considered when carrying out comprehensive statistic audits for MNCs to achieve a competitive advantage. The 3 factors that Ghoshal (1987) aluminates are; the exploitation of national differences in input and output markets, the benefits from scale economies in different activities and the exploiting of synergies or scope economies that are available due to diversity. He mostly elaborated on scope economies in product and market diversification as he believes that this aspect is both new and not very well understood. He defines scope economy based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the notion that certain economies arise from the fact that the cost of joint production of two or more products can be less than the cost of producing them separately. He supports this by comparing product diversification and market diversification in three categories of; shared physical assets (diversified firm, flexib le manufacturing system, cross-subsidization of markets and exploitations), shared external relational (with customers, suppliers, distributors) and shared learning. However he does also explain the negative aspect of scope economy as being costly due to its different environmental demands. He advises the reader by saying that to succeed the firm must differentiate its management system so that its activities can fall under external consistency within its own environment and internal consistencies within the firm and across its many different activities. The writer goes on to saying that to create these synergies it may result in compromises of external consistency in each activity. Ghoshal states that this checklist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"simply serves as a basis for mapping the overall strategies of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He also goes on to saying that the essence of an organizing framework and the key to a successful global strategy is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manage the interaction between the different goals and meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Ghoshal, 1987). The article also acknowledges the possible benefit for MNCs by explaining how another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"practical utility of the frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is to highlight the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"contradictions between different goals and different meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thus emphasising the strategic dilemmas that would otherwise be resolved through omission. The following sections of the framework further explain the dimensions of its construct à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the strategic objectives of the firm and the source of competitive advantage available to MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" he strengthens his arguments by using other article sources that ultimately contributes to the literature and generally the overall framework. The author concludes the paper by briefly discussing trade-offs that are steadfast in some of the more recent prescriptions on global strategic management. According to Ghoshal (1987) these trade-offs imply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"that to formulate and implement a global strategy, MNC managers must consider all the issues suggested in Table 1, and must evaluate the implications of different strategic alternatives of each of these issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Structure: The article under review was accessed in a clear and well set out form. The article was introduced with an abstract, which provided the stance or thesis developed by the article, background to the issue as well as briefly outlining the purpose of the article, its main points, findings, conclusions, implications and future research directions. The rationales for the article and for the research it describes were also included. The paragraphs in the body were mostly short and therefore the information in each paragraph was easy to access, however there were a few longer paragraphs that seemed to be overly complicated for those who might not have any prior knowledge on the topic. The arti cle is broken into headings and subheadings and most of the paragraphs were structured in a clear cut way thus allowing important information to be categorised and spread out for easy access. The Introduction provided background information and the rationale behind the article. This allowed clear understanding of the context and importance of the study. The body was logically organised. This allowed the reader to read the entire article or just the part of interest. As the article described a global strategy for organising framework, the provided tables and diagrams to clearly display and outline its framework. For example when the author was describing the relationship between strategic objective and their competitive advantages thus allowing the reader to clearly see the contradictions. The writer also used a table to explain scope economies in product and market diversification. The conclusion adequately explained and summed up the article and provided adequate research direction s. The article had both qualitative and quantitative aspects with excerpts from other articles and sources related to the topic. There were extensive references cited in-text and set out clearly in the References section. The article was a PDF document which meant it could easily be printed and read or accessible online. However as it is a scanned document no information was provided to help to make the information accessible. This in turn disallowed readers to evaluate the articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth more effectively, however linked headings and subheadings allowed the reader to move through the paper more quickly. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s structure was logically developed overall; with the use of short paragraphs helping the reader access the main points more easily thus allowing an average person to read most of the article however in some sections the level of literature was advanced. Critique: The journal, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Strategic Management Journalà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, is a publication of the highest quality research most relevant to strategic management. It is one of the highest ranked business and management journals. The authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credibility was established in a number of ways. These included the fact that the article was a peer reviewed article. Also the fact that most of the in-text citings involved papers which he has jointly written on similar topics thus indicating his broad knowledge of the topic. The article also contained references from a broad array of different writers who are also seen to be very knowledgeable in the topic. This information highlights that the article is highly credible. The source of the information in the article was a current and based on recently emerged popular concepts among MNGs and also researchers in the field of international management. The information is verified and supported by a comprehensive, recent reference list with these sources cited in-text to support both the liter ature review and the research itself. The information in the article is therefore accurate and reliable. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accuracy is also confirmed by the careful scrutiny that it was subjected to by two anonymous referees from the strategic management journal. The fact that the article is peer reviewed also verifies its precision. The journal, although published in October 1987, is still very prominent in the field of strategic management. The research it describes was current (for its time) and the article cites up-to-date references in the body of the text (ranging from information 1980s). The article is although not current it is supported by a range of studies over an extensive time frame. This was an academic journal on an academic database, which has high credibility in an academic context. It was written to inform researchers and students rather than to entertain or advertise. The subject is covered well and as the topic is based on an international scale it c an be generalised. It would be relevant to both these groups but particularly a manager of a multinational corporation. It is a simple article to read and understand and therefore can be relevant to first year students. The article is very detailed with the topics being explored in great depth. The material is presented in a logical and organised way. The article is accordingly relevant to the academic community. The information was objectively developed, well supported with a current research base and with all evidence acknowledged and referenced. There was no evidence of bias. The article acknowledged the complexity of the issues discussed in a number of ways. For example, the literature review provided explanations of how some managers of MNCs can be contradicting when it comes to finding a strategic advantage and that globalisation of a company can result in negative effects if managers arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t aware of the conceptual ambiguity about what a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"global strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ really means. The article, with its source an academic journal on an academic data base and available as both print and electronic forms, is stable as a resource. Conclusion: This review has both summarised and critically reviewed Ghoshalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Global Strategy: An Organizing Frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The structure, accessibility, content, strengths and limitations of the article were analysed and critiqued along with the tables which was included. The authors and journal are credible, accurate and current. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information is accessible, well structured, relevant and presented in an objective way. The article is also stable as a resource. The article has contributed to the literature in terms of its valuable critique of current research study on existing and the growing literature on international competition and the implications provide possibilities for future resear ch in this field. The article has contributed to a better understanding amongst the business community of the advantages and disadvantages, for the globalisation of MNCs. References: S. Ghoshal. Strategic management journal, volume 8, No.4 (Sep. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Oct., 1987), pg.425-440

The Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana - 1459 Words

In the societies narcotics constituting taboo and users are isolated by societies. In our days narcotics are a tremendous problem with a lot of effects on the societies. I want to give the definition of Marijuana that is important for my research. â€Å"Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems and flowering tops of the hemp plant.†(Marijuana, 317). Today in most countries soft narcotics and especially narcotics like marijuana are illegal. Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous but it isn’t. Because of people’s ignorance and gullibility marijuana has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should be re-examined for legalization. Society today cannot understand that there has been a culture behind marijuana for many†¦show more content†¦Moreover in a recent study of prisoners who have committed crimes like theft, robbery and burglary the results have shown that 33% of those crimes have been made in order to purchase drugs. In addition, these criminals are responsible for the 75% of all robberies, thefts and burglaries. Much research shows that when narcotics are cheap the rates of the drug related crimes decrease. Moreover, the legalization of marijuana will reduce the problem of overcrowded prisons and the numerous accusations against drug users. As it is referred by Nadelmann the U.S. national costs from 1981 to 1987 for law enforcements against drugs tripled from lower than 1 billion per year to 3 billions. In 1988 this amount was 6 billion. Moreover in 1986 local authorities spend 5 billion on anti-drug activities. Therefore in federal prisons the numbers of prisoners count for 33% of the 50.000 total cases, while prisoners for similar crimes in state prisons are 30.000. A similar situation takes place in courts, from the 583.000 cases the 135.000 are related to drug crimes. The costs for keeping in prisons all these people have become a tremendous amount. Despite of the money the criminality, neith er the citizens nor the drug lords have felt no change. Today the annual arrests for violation of drug laws are more or less 750.000 in US. In particular, 75% of these are done by citizens who just possess small quantities for personal use. In most of the times theShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Marijuana: the financial, medical, social, and political benefits1349 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Brandon Smith Professor Gregor ENGL 1102 21 April 2014 Legalization of Marijuana: the financial, social, medical, and political benefits. The legalization of marijuana has been a topic of debate for many years. This may be because of the cultural diversity that the United States of America is known for. Recently, bills were passed in Colorado and Washington to implement the legalization and regulation of recreational marijuana use. 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The following information may give theRead MoreMarijuana Legalization1424 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Marijuana is the most common drug in America and all over the world. It is legalized in some countries, but most countries prohibit its use. It has proven medical abilities and was used for this purpose for a while before being federally criminalized. The United States has been debating on the legalization of marijuana with some states supporting the move and others against it. (10 Facts About Marijuana) Despite all these debates, the legalization of marijuana is theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana was first criminalized in 1923 when it was added to the narcotics act. In 1971 the LeDain commission recommended the decriminalization of simple possessions of marijuana, followed by the legalization of medical marijuana in 2001. 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18.3 Map free essay sample

In 1649 Charles I was publicly beheaded, and Parliament alone ruled England. [pic] Map Activity 1. ON THE MAP, LABEL THE AREA OF ENGLAND. 2. Use a bright color to trace the borders of the area controlled by Parliament at the start of the war in 1642. 3. Use a second bright color to circle the location of the first battle of the war. 4. Use two different light colors to trace the routes of forces that arrived from outside England in support of the king and in support of Parliament. Analyzing Maps 5. REGION BASED ON THE MAP, WHO CONTROLLED A LARGER AREA OF ENGLAND AT THE START OF THE WAR IN 1642? . Location From which country did forces invade England in support of King Charles I at the battle of Nantwich in 1644? 7. Location Troops from which country joined the Parliament army to defeat King Charles I at Marston Moor? 8. Region Based on the map, which area of England did Parliament gain in their victory at Marston Moor? 9. We will write a custom essay sample on 18.3 Map or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Location Based on the map, did King Charles I or Parliament win the battle at Lostwithiel and gain control of southwest England? 10. Region Based on the map, which small portions of England remained in the control of the king and his forces in December 1645?