Journal Article Review - Global Strategy An Organising Framework - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2090 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Journal article review Introduction: This review critiques and analyses the article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Global Strategy: An Organizing Frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, written by Sumantra Ghoshal, which appeared in the journal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Strategic Management Journalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vol 8, 425-440), published in 1987. This review will begin by summarising the article. It will then briefly analyse the effectiveness of the article based on how it was structured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" investigating how the information is set out and whether the readers can access it effectively and with ease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Journal Article Review Global Strategy: An Organising Framework" essay for you Create order And finally the article will be critiqued based upon its authority and accuracy, and how current and relevant the information presented is. The review will also analyse any graphs and tables before finally judging the articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accessibility and credibility. The central theme of the paper is to present a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"conceptual framework encompassing a range of different issues relevant to global strategiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The framework provides a foundation for organising the existing and the growing literature on international competition and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"creating a map of the fieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This article can be used for both teaching and future research, but more importantly this article is most beneficial for manager of multinational corporation. Which is aimed at providing then with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relating and synthesizing the different perspectives and prescriptions that are currently available for global strategic managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The writer has reviewed Global Strategy in an unbiased way by presenting both the positive and negative consequences and views of each concept within the framework. Overall the article is presented clearly, well written and fluent, as is it relevant to the topic. Summary: The purpose of this paper is to provide an organising framework which could possibly help managers of multinational corporations (MNCs) and/or academics in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"formulating the various issues that arise in global strategic managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This article serves as a basis for organising existing literature on the topic of global strategy. This is a result of corporate objectives being multidimensional and quite often seen to be mutually contradictory, thus causing difficulty for both researchers and practitioners to deal with the rich literature on global strategies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Actions to achieve a particular objective often impede another equally important objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢ (Ghoshal, 1987). The article begins by presenting the multiple arrays of perspectives and prescription that are created by various other writers in the field. He explains that the difference between authors and their views on global strategy and how to manage them are not limited. He gives a brief insight into the views of 4 different authors and how on various occasions these views may contradict each other yet none of these can be truly criticised. Therefore this framework provides the key strategic objectives of MNCs and the tools that one is required to posses in order to achieve them from an range of different writers. He continues most of this article referencing back to these other authors to support his views. The article further goes onto explaining how this integrated analysis of different means and ends are more helpful than a simple categorizing scheme which only distinguishes between global and multi-domestic strategies. Before elaborating on the different mea ns and ends, the author presented a simple argument on the goals of multinationals and their strategic objectives. He states that there are 3 broad categories which must be considered when generating an inclusive checklist of factors and issues that are to be considered when reviewing different strategic alternatives. These factors include: Achieving efficiency in its current activities Managing risks associated with carrying out these activities Developing internal learning capabilities so as to be able to innovate and adapt to future changes. The writer provides this simply and straightforwardly in a table that displays the factors that may be considered when carrying out comprehensive statistic audits for MNCs to achieve a competitive advantage. The 3 factors that Ghoshal (1987) aluminates are; the exploitation of national differences in input and output markets, the benefits from scale economies in different activities and the exploiting of synergies or scope economies that are available due to diversity. He mostly elaborated on scope economies in product and market diversification as he believes that this aspect is both new and not very well understood. He defines scope economy based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the notion that certain economies arise from the fact that the cost of joint production of two or more products can be less than the cost of producing them separately. He supports this by comparing product diversification and market diversification in three categories of; shared physical assets (diversified firm, flexib le manufacturing system, cross-subsidization of markets and exploitations), shared external relational (with customers, suppliers, distributors) and shared learning. However he does also explain the negative aspect of scope economy as being costly due to its different environmental demands. He advises the reader by saying that to succeed the firm must differentiate its management system so that its activities can fall under external consistency within its own environment and internal consistencies within the firm and across its many different activities. The writer goes on to saying that to create these synergies it may result in compromises of external consistency in each activity. Ghoshal states that this checklist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"simply serves as a basis for mapping the overall strategies of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He also goes on to saying that the essence of an organizing framework and the key to a successful global strategy is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manage the interaction between the different goals and meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Ghoshal, 1987). The article also acknowledges the possible benefit for MNCs by explaining how another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"practical utility of the frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is to highlight the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"contradictions between different goals and different meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thus emphasising the strategic dilemmas that would otherwise be resolved through omission. The following sections of the framework further explain the dimensions of its construct à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the strategic objectives of the firm and the source of competitive advantage available to MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" he strengthens his arguments by using other article sources that ultimately contributes to the literature and generally the overall framework. The author concludes the paper by briefly discussing trade-offs that are steadfast in some of the more recent prescriptions on global strategic management. According to Ghoshal (1987) these trade-offs imply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"that to formulate and implement a global strategy, MNC managers must consider all the issues suggested in Table 1, and must evaluate the implications of different strategic alternatives of each of these issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Structure: The article under review was accessed in a clear and well set out form. The article was introduced with an abstract, which provided the stance or thesis developed by the article, background to the issue as well as briefly outlining the purpose of the article, its main points, findings, conclusions, implications and future research directions. The rationales for the article and for the research it describes were also included. The paragraphs in the body were mostly short and therefore the information in each paragraph was easy to access, however there were a few longer paragraphs that seemed to be overly complicated for those who might not have any prior knowledge on the topic. The arti cle is broken into headings and subheadings and most of the paragraphs were structured in a clear cut way thus allowing important information to be categorised and spread out for easy access. The Introduction provided background information and the rationale behind the article. This allowed clear understanding of the context and importance of the study. The body was logically organised. This allowed the reader to read the entire article or just the part of interest. As the article described a global strategy for organising framework, the provided tables and diagrams to clearly display and outline its framework. For example when the author was describing the relationship between strategic objective and their competitive advantages thus allowing the reader to clearly see the contradictions. The writer also used a table to explain scope economies in product and market diversification. The conclusion adequately explained and summed up the article and provided adequate research direction s. The article had both qualitative and quantitative aspects with excerpts from other articles and sources related to the topic. There were extensive references cited in-text and set out clearly in the References section. The article was a PDF document which meant it could easily be printed and read or accessible online. However as it is a scanned document no information was provided to help to make the information accessible. This in turn disallowed readers to evaluate the articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth more effectively, however linked headings and subheadings allowed the reader to move through the paper more quickly. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s structure was logically developed overall; with the use of short paragraphs helping the reader access the main points more easily thus allowing an average person to read most of the article however in some sections the level of literature was advanced. Critique: The journal, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Strategic Management Journalà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, is a publication of the highest quality research most relevant to strategic management. It is one of the highest ranked business and management journals. The authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credibility was established in a number of ways. These included the fact that the article was a peer reviewed article. Also the fact that most of the in-text citings involved papers which he has jointly written on similar topics thus indicating his broad knowledge of the topic. The article also contained references from a broad array of different writers who are also seen to be very knowledgeable in the topic. This information highlights that the article is highly credible. The source of the information in the article was a current and based on recently emerged popular concepts among MNGs and also researchers in the field of international management. The information is verified and supported by a comprehensive, recent reference list with these sources cited in-text to support both the liter ature review and the research itself. The information in the article is therefore accurate and reliable. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accuracy is also confirmed by the careful scrutiny that it was subjected to by two anonymous referees from the strategic management journal. The fact that the article is peer reviewed also verifies its precision. The journal, although published in October 1987, is still very prominent in the field of strategic management. The research it describes was current (for its time) and the article cites up-to-date references in the body of the text (ranging from information 1980s). The article is although not current it is supported by a range of studies over an extensive time frame. This was an academic journal on an academic database, which has high credibility in an academic context. It was written to inform researchers and students rather than to entertain or advertise. The subject is covered well and as the topic is based on an international scale it c an be generalised. It would be relevant to both these groups but particularly a manager of a multinational corporation. It is a simple article to read and understand and therefore can be relevant to first year students. The article is very detailed with the topics being explored in great depth. The material is presented in a logical and organised way. The article is accordingly relevant to the academic community. The information was objectively developed, well supported with a current research base and with all evidence acknowledged and referenced. There was no evidence of bias. The article acknowledged the complexity of the issues discussed in a number of ways. For example, the literature review provided explanations of how some managers of MNCs can be contradicting when it comes to finding a strategic advantage and that globalisation of a company can result in negative effects if managers arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t aware of the conceptual ambiguity about what a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"global strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ really means. The article, with its source an academic journal on an academic data base and available as both print and electronic forms, is stable as a resource. Conclusion: This review has both summarised and critically reviewed Ghoshalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Global Strategy: An Organizing Frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The structure, accessibility, content, strengths and limitations of the article were analysed and critiqued along with the tables which was included. The authors and journal are credible, accurate and current. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information is accessible, well structured, relevant and presented in an objective way. The article is also stable as a resource. The article has contributed to the literature in terms of its valuable critique of current research study on existing and the growing literature on international competition and the implications provide possibilities for future resear ch in this field. The article has contributed to a better understanding amongst the business community of the advantages and disadvantages, for the globalisation of MNCs. References: S. Ghoshal. Strategic management journal, volume 8, No.4 (Sep. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Oct., 1987), pg.425-440

The Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana - 1459 Words

In the societies narcotics constituting taboo and users are isolated by societies. In our days narcotics are a tremendous problem with a lot of effects on the societies. I want to give the definition of Marijuana that is important for my research. â€Å"Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems and flowering tops of the hemp plant.†(Marijuana, 317). Today in most countries soft narcotics and especially narcotics like marijuana are illegal. Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous but it isn’t. Because of people’s ignorance and gullibility marijuana has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should be re-examined for legalization. Society today cannot understand that there has been a culture behind marijuana for many†¦show more content†¦Moreover in a recent study of prisoners who have committed crimes like theft, robbery and burglary the results have shown that 33% of those crimes have been made in order to purchase drugs. In addition, these criminals are responsible for the 75% of all robberies, thefts and burglaries. Much research shows that when narcotics are cheap the rates of the drug related crimes decrease. Moreover, the legalization of marijuana will reduce the problem of overcrowded prisons and the numerous accusations against drug users. As it is referred by Nadelmann the U.S. national costs from 1981 to 1987 for law enforcements against drugs tripled from lower than 1 billion per year to 3 billions. In 1988 this amount was 6 billion. Moreover in 1986 local authorities spend 5 billion on anti-drug activities. Therefore in federal prisons the numbers of prisoners count for 33% of the 50.000 total cases, while prisoners for similar crimes in state prisons are 30.000. A similar situation takes place in courts, from the 583.000 cases the 135.000 are related to drug crimes. The costs for keeping in prisons all these people have become a tremendous amount. Despite of the money the criminality, neith er the citizens nor the drug lords have felt no change. Today the annual arrests for violation of drug laws are more or less 750.000 in US. In particular, 75% of these are done by citizens who just possess small quantities for personal use. In most of the times theShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Marijuana: the financial, medical, social, and political benefits1349 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Brandon Smith Professor Gregor ENGL 1102 21 April 2014 Legalization of Marijuana: the financial, social, medical, and political benefits. The legalization of marijuana has been a topic of debate for many years. This may be because of the cultural diversity that the United States of America is known for. Recently, bills were passed in Colorado and Washington to implement the legalization and regulation of recreational marijuana use. These events along with the ever growing popularity of theRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe subject of marijuana legalization has been an exceedingly popular discussion topic in recent years and, as time goes on, only seems to grow more popular. This discussion has resulted in many arguments that support marijuana’s legalization. One popular argument says that since alcohol is worse for you, and alcohol is legal, marijuana should be legalized. However, this argument that marijuana should be legalized because marijuana’s effects when consumed or smoked are better than those of alcoholRead MoreLegalizing The Legalization Of M arijuana1012 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscourage is a way to fix the problem. Evident by Colorado and Washington, â€Å"the legalization of marijuana can stop most of these possession arrests† (Levine). After the first opening of the first retail marijuana stores on January 1, 2014, Colorado had decreased crime rates, decreased traffic fatalities and increase in economic output (DPA). Since 2010, the marijuana possession arrest have went down 84% since its legalization. The tactic of legalizing, controlling, and discouraging has been proposed byRead MoreMarijuana Decriminalization and Legalization636 Words   |  3 PagesThe validity of marijuana decriminalization (and even legalization) is illustrated in the following analysis of the social, fiscal, political, and medical attributes and conceptions associated with the drug. Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, in 2008; archeologists discovered over two pounds of cannabis in a 2,700-year-old grave of a shaman found i n Central Asia. (Armentano, 1) Should marijuana be legalized or at least decriminalized in America? The following information may give theRead MoreMarijuana Legalization1424 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Marijuana is the most common drug in America and all over the world. It is legalized in some countries, but most countries prohibit its use. It has proven medical abilities and was used for this purpose for a while before being federally criminalized. The United States has been debating on the legalization of marijuana with some states supporting the move and others against it. (10 Facts About Marijuana) Despite all these debates, the legalization of marijuana is theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana was first criminalized in 1923 when it was added to the narcotics act. In 1971 the LeDain commission recommended the decriminalization of simple possessions of marijuana, followed by the legalization of medical marijuana in 2001. Currently, the liberal government is taking steps towards their promise, to legalize marijuana, made during the 2015 election. Currently, there are laws that regulate the use of marijuana in Canada. It is illegal t o possess or sell marijuana for non-medial purposesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 PagesOf the many social issues that plague American society, the issue over the legalization of Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoingRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana901 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana is a topic that has been discussed for many years. It has had many support as well as opposition. This topic has caused a lot of controversy over the years. In today’s society the amount of marijuana or cannabis that is being consumed is, for the most part, consumed by teens and adults. Although marijuana is an illegal drug, that does not stop people from getting a hold of it. The use of marijuana can be for many reasons such as, socializing, obtaining a high, escapingRead MoreThe Debate Over The Legalization of Marijuana Essay examples1363 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental intervention on businesses. When deciding just how much control will be used, one must look at all the benefits and costs. Not only must economic benefits be asserted, but moral and social benefits and costs must be taken into consideration. A topic that many people have been contemplating is the legalization of marijuana. Many people believe that the legalization of marijuana with a high tax is sensible because it would place the demand curve in the same place as if it were criminalizedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The possession, use, cultivation, transportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided that they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classification

18.3 Map free essay sample

In 1649 Charles I was publicly beheaded, and Parliament alone ruled England. [pic] Map Activity 1. ON THE MAP, LABEL THE AREA OF ENGLAND. 2. Use a bright color to trace the borders of the area controlled by Parliament at the start of the war in 1642. 3. Use a second bright color to circle the location of the first battle of the war. 4. Use two different light colors to trace the routes of forces that arrived from outside England in support of the king and in support of Parliament. Analyzing Maps 5. REGION BASED ON THE MAP, WHO CONTROLLED A LARGER AREA OF ENGLAND AT THE START OF THE WAR IN 1642? . Location From which country did forces invade England in support of King Charles I at the battle of Nantwich in 1644? 7. Location Troops from which country joined the Parliament army to defeat King Charles I at Marston Moor? 8. Region Based on the map, which area of England did Parliament gain in their victory at Marston Moor? 9. We will write a custom essay sample on 18.3 Map or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Location Based on the map, did King Charles I or Parliament win the battle at Lostwithiel and gain control of southwest England? 10. Region Based on the map, which small portions of England remained in the control of the king and his forces in December 1645?

Aristotle The Good Life free essay sample

An analysis of Aristotles philosophy of what makes a good and complete life. This paper discusses the philosophy of good life given by the great thinker Aristotle. It looks at Aristotles view that there are certain external and internal goods available to man, and it is through the attainment of internal goods that man is able to live a life that can be identified as a good life. Aristotle was the prized student of Socrates and his works though are not widely available are still considered to be of great significant to the world of euphemism. The philosophical thought is incomplete without the works of Aristotle as his contribution is huge and some of his views are studies even today by the students of philosophy. Aristotles theory of a good life is based one certain actions and virtues which fall in the realm of ethics. It was the view of Aristotle that good life means a man should act while in possession of certain external goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle: The Good Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By this it means that one should possess all moral and intellectual virtues in order to qualify as someone with a good life. The moral virtues to him were prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance. All these virtues are based on reason and it was the Aristotelian view that reason and logic should be given precedence over passion. Intellectual virtues are based on pure theoretical contemplation and they cannot be considered very practical as they seem to arise from Aristotles views on logic and a Stoic philosophy which meant that man must first not act purely on impulse or passion but should think carefully before acting.