Principles and Practice free essay sample

Part 1: Principles of Effective CommunicationChapter 1: Foundations of Management CommunicationChapter 2: Setting GoalsCase: Yellowtail Marine, Inc. Chapter 3: Audience AnalysisCase: Weymouth Steel CorporationChapter 4: Point of ViewCase: Smith Financial CorporationChapter 5: Message: Content and ArgumentCase: Cuttyhunk Bank (A)Chapter 6: StructureCase: McGregors Ltd. Department Store Chapter 7: Choosing MediaCase: The Timken Company Chapter 8: Style and Tone Case: Vanrex, Inc. Part 2: ApplicationsChapter 9: Giving and Receiving FeedbackCase: Bailey and Wick Chapter 10: Managing Meetings Case: Lincoln Park Redevelopment Project Chapter 11: Communicating ChangeCase: Hammermill Paper CompanyChapter 12: Communicating with External Audiences Case A: Oxford Energy Case B: NutraSweetChapter 13: Diversity and Intercultural CommunicationCase A: Reed-Watkins PharmaceuticalsCase B: International OilChapter 14: Personal and Corporate EthicsCase A: Hal of Erhardt Company: One Audit Senior’s DilemmaCase B: McArthur PlaceChapter 15: Electronic CommunicationCase A: The E-Mail EncounterCase B: Unifone CommunicationsPart 3: TechniqueChapter 16: Effective WritingStyle manual to be cross-referenced throughout the courseChapter 17: Effective SpeakingStyle manual on speaking, use of graphics, and group presentation to be cross referenced throughout the courseAppendix Case 16: Dotsworth PressCase 17: Fair is Fair, Isn’t †¢Identifying external communication ne eds according to your different audiences and in different contexts. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles and Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, a project may involve the participation and coordination of various other organizations that need a permanent communication system to work together in organizing events or developing and sharing documents related to the events. Another project may involve posting a survey on the Web site that needs to be simple and straightforward to entice the audience to respond immediately and seek future results. Engaging the board of directors in a more active role in the strategic planning of the organization may also require a special communication set-up that would facilitate sharing documents, receiving feedback and having virtual meetings to finalize decisions. †¢Identifying the tools that would effectively engage external audiences in a two or multi-way communication practice with the organization, as related to a specific project or to an organizational objective. For the first case mentioned above, setting an electronic discussion group for a specific project and setting up a private site to share documents would facilitate the communication and coordination among all the actors involved in it. For the third case, you may want to setup a private site where the board of directors can look at financial statements and strategic plans, send their comments on specific issues to the rest of the board, and coordinate a virtual meeting to discuss critical issues and finalize decisions and recommendations regarding the organization. †¢Building awareness of external audiences in engaging in a two or multi-way communication system that will improve the execution of specific projects or achieve specific goals related to the organization.

Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Essays

Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Essays Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Paper Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Paper Bathsheba Everdene’s Strengths And Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd and how most of them are shown in our first encounter with Bathsheba in the first chapter at the incident at the toll gate. Robbie Deffense 11AB In Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd†, we become acquainted with the leading character, the very independent and vain Bathsheba Everdene. In this essay, I will discuss Bathsheba’s character by attempting to describe her strengths and weaknesses, and show how most of these characteristics are delivered to us on our first encounter with Bathsheba’s in the incident at the tollgate. Bathsheba Everdene is the young beauty in Hardy’s novel; she comes across as a woman with many strengths and weaknesses. We find that she does not lack beauty; this is a reason why many men desire her. Hardy uses words such as â€Å"young and attractive† and â€Å"the handsome girl† to transmit Bathsheba’s beauty. To further enforce how Hardy wants us to perceive Bathsheba, Hardy used a name from the Biblical figure who was also named Bathsheba, she too was beautiful and men fell deeply in love with her upon their first gaze. However, sometimes with such beauty comes a large amount of vanity, which is Bathsheba’s biggest weakness. We first meet Bathsheba Everdene in the incident at the tollgate. Farmer Oak sees an ornamental spring wagon coming down the incline of the field. Walking beside the wagon is a Waggoner with a whip in hand. On the wagon there are household goods and seated is the â€Å"young and attractive† Bathsheba. The Waggoner stops the wagon to tell her that the wagons tailboard has gone and she tells him to run back and get it, which he does, which already shows how much power Bathsheba has. While she waits quietly on the wagon for the Waggoner’s return, she pulls out a mirror and places it on her lap, then proceeds to â€Å"survey† herself, then smiles. And the more that she gazes upon herself the more she smiles and the more she blushes. This clearly shows the amount of vanity that Bathsheba possesses. This statement is further proved by the fact that Thomas Hardy describes the fine morning so beautifully and delicately, fully describing the awesome power of nature, but all Miss Everdene is capable of doing is admiring herself. This is a time when Hardy uses pathetic fallacy, to bring Bathsheba’s characteristic of beauty, by comparing the beauty of nature to the beauty of Bathsheba Everdene. Following this exposure of vanity, the Waggoner returns and they proceed towards the tollgate where an argument arises about the people with the wagon having to pay the tollgate keeper an extra two pence. Knowing that without paying the two pence, she will not be able to pass, Bathsheba still refuses to pay the money. This reaction shows how independent she is. Out of Farmer Oaks kind and generous heart he comes forth and pays the two pence for Bathsheba. She might have looked at Gabriel to thank him for his generosity but instead she turns to the Waggoner and tells him to drive on. This makes Bathsheba a slightly rude character that seems very unlikable and very egocentric since she wanted something done and she wanted it done her way this is a very immature act but it gives us a chance to see how she matures over the novel. But still being very immature through this action, she is still able to have power over Farmer Oak. This can be seen from two different perspectives, a good and bad . On the positive side, women in modern times would relate to Bathsheba, since they have raised their position in society; However the female readers at the time when Hardy’s novel â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd† first came out might have been shocked, since Bathsheba character goes very much against the women of the time since she is able and determined to make choices of her own. The novel was published in 1874 and at this time women were very much under the control of men without any independence or ability to make choices for themselves, so Bathsheba Everdene could have been of big importance to the female readers, maybe even a hero. Also, the story was set before the 1870 Married Women’s Property Act, which allowed women to keep the earnings she made and not have to give it to her husband. However Bathsheba was very much in control of her land and money until she was married to Troy, therefore until that time, she represented a very strong female symbol. After Bathsheba leaves the tollgate and proceeds towards her destination, the keeper turns to Farmer Oak and says â€Å"That’s a handsome maid† which further implies how Hardy wants to show how beautiful Bathsheba is. Then Farmer Oak tells him how she also has one of the most common faults â€Å"found in most of them† (referring to women) †¦ â€Å"vanity†. Hardy is able to use such a simple word to describe her and such simplicity sticks with us and gives us a clear image of Thomas Hardy wants us to know about Bathsheba. This powerful word, which means feelings of excessive pride, ends the first chapter powerfully giving us a strong first impression of Bathsheba’s character. These are the strengths and weaknesses that Bathsheba possesses and that are shown only in her first impression in the first chapter of the novel. These characteristics are shown and proven again throughout the novel, for example the fact that she decides to take over her late uncle’s farm in Weatherbury shows that she is clearly independent and this again would’ve been interesting for both the female and male readers at the time, since this novel was showing a women being responsible over a piece of land, which wasn’t common. Also the further fact that she is very hard working and all of the things needed to be done, are done, displays that she has got a very efficient character. In addition she tries to act very confidently all the time and this is one of her weaknesses because, while she tries to act confidently she isn’t actually that confident. An example of this would be towards the end of the novel, this is when Bathsheba goes to Gabriel’s house to speak to him and she looks up to him in awe and even starts stuttering, this would also be a good example on how Bathsheba develops throughout the novel and how her character and that of Gabriel have switched throughout this novel. One of the actions that Bathsheba does that proves how her character has matured throughout the entirety of the novel and that makes us feel sorry for and further more like her as person more is the scene wherein Fanny’s dead body lays in Bathsheba’s parlour and Bathsheba has the heart to lay flowers around the body. This small action is very important since it foreshadows the replanting of the grave. Bathsheba has been kind enough to allow Fanny’s corpse stay inside her house and through this the truth about Troy and Fanny’s relationship is revealed to her. We feel pity and we feel sorry for her because her heart has just been broken and we understand how she feels. Hardy is able to bring up the theme of trust, love and betrayal and involve it in all the characters even including the dead body of Fanny Robin in just one scene. So to conclude, we can definitely say that Bathsheba Everdene is a character with many strengths but again many weaknesses her strongest being her beauty, independence and vanity and Thomas Hardy is able to bring such strong characteristics in small ways. He is able to make us have different and mixed feelings towards Bathsheba Everdene throughout the novel and makes it hard for us to decide whether she is a likeable or unlikable character in his beautifully romantic but strongly dramatic novel â€Å"Far From The Madding Crowd†.

Proposal (for Dissertation) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

(for Dissertation) - Research Proposal Example Immigrants in the UK from the OECD countries are the worst affected by the downturn. The internationalization of higher education in the past 30 years has been the driver for the growth of the sector globally (Bodycott, 2009). The number of international students since 1995 has almost doubled to 2.7 million globally. The motivations for internationalization differ across countries and institutions. The drive to internationalize has also led to the development of ‘transnational education’ programs. Internationalization has led to strategic alliances and use of technology to deliver education to students located in various countries. Today universities around the world seek quality international students to enhance their reputation, to enrich their campuses and programs through contributions from different sources. While education is a priority sector, student inflows have been found to be sensitive to economic conditions in their home countries and to the exchange rates ( Papademetriou, Sumption & Somerville, 2009). Economic conditions and currency fluctuations influence the student flow between the host country and the source countries. Downturn has reduced the individual savings in sending countries. This would likely reduce the number of self-financed international students as they would prefer an educational institution closer to home. This is also because the students work during their studies in order to support themselves (Somerville & Sumption, 2009). Rationale for research Following the recession, the GDP of the UK contracted by 1.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and the decline was unusually rapid over the entire year (Somerville & Sumption, 2009). This downturn has been unusual as all sectors have been hit. The effect of recession is very prominent in the international students’ inflow in the UK. Students account for a quarter of total of migrants into the UK and the UK is the second most important destination country for int ernational students worldwide. The precise number of international students in the UK is not known but as per the figures of 2008-09 approximately 214,000 non EU students studied at the public-funded schools in the UK (UKCISA, 2010). The non EU students are bound to pay the entire costs of the education which typically ranges between ?8,000 and ?15,000. The fees from the international students account for 10-30% of the income of the universities. This translates into ?2.5bn earnings of the UK universities with another ?2.5bn spend by international students on goods and services. This contribution is only from the public –funded colleges and when the earnings of the private colleges are added, the international students contribute about ?8.5bn to the UK economy. About 26 UK institutions derive at least 10% of their income from foreign students’ fees (Somerville & Sumption, 2009). The UK receives the highest number of students from China. During the Asian crisis on 1997 also the flow of Malaysian students to the UK was affected (Somerville & Sumption, 2009). In addition the UK universities face stiff competition from the US and Canada international schools. The global market for international students is increasingly competitive (Bodycott, 2009). This results in the UK universities incurring loss of revenue. Under the circumstances, the UK universiti

Laplaces Conceptions of Spiritual Counseling Essay

Laplaces Conceptions of Spiritual Counseling - Essay Example In the words of Jean LaPlace from the 1975 book â€Å"Preparing for spiritual direction†, spiritual direction is defined as â€Å"the help one person gives another in assisting her to become herself in the faith.† This unbiased perspective of what is the role that God plays in each human’s heart (which is same, and nuclear) is what makes â€Å"Preparing for spiritual direction† such a great book, not just for future spiritual counselors, but actually for anyone who wants to understand his own conscience; similarly, it’s not just a good book for people who practice Christianity, but for any member of any religion, since it aims for an universal conception of God; Creeds are but perspectives, and despite the existence of many branches, the source is but One; and the source is within each man’s heart. A counselor is someone who has come to terms with his own heart, which grants him the ability to make fellow humans come to terms with theirs. The book is a clear and practical guide to assist any priest in offering counseling and spiritual direction. It’s structured in five parts, which reflect the progression that must be undertaken by anyone who wishes to be a spiritual director. First and foremost, one needs to be able to direct his own conscience, before he can except to be able to effectively help others; one cannot possibly expect to stabilize other spirits unless he has settled his own spirit first. Inner peace invites outer peace, in the same measure that inner turmoil only brings about outer confusion. So, the spiritual director must direct his own conscience before he attempts to illuminate anyone else's. Second, we who follow this path must understand the nature of the spiritual dialogue; we must understand prayer, and we need to learn listening to the silent voice of the heart, which is no other but the voice of God. We must learn to realize the universal currents that bind the whole of humanity together, we must learn to see God in our own lives before we expect to point out how god manifests in the lives of those we seek to advice. The spiritual director is a person of prayer and experience, who understands and accepts his strengths as well as his shortcomings, his sins as well as his virtues; he's someone who learns to understand and cope with his feelings, and trough such knowledge he is able to understand others and help them manage themselves. Third, LaPlace elaborates quite clearly on the details regarding the formation of a Spiritual Director. Not only must he be able to listen to his own inner voice, but he must also be able to listen to others, and reach out to them in order to help them find their own strengths. The director must be both a witness and a friend; he must be someone who helps, either by asking or listening, but especially by being able to discern the appropriate time for each. His every effort must be focused in bring about awareness, and he should direct the advisee into learning to direct his own conscience. Fourth, the author talks of the kinds of spiritual direction. According to Laplace, all persons should be regarded equally by the spiritual director, and there should be no distinction between persons, religious or otherwise and even priests. Although, each particular case prompts for a specific guidance; we must learn to adjust our methods accordingly. The spiritual director must be a sharp observer of human differences, in order to determine which road is more suitable to lead each person to himself. Finally, the last section of the book is about the psychology of the directed, which is a refining of the spiritual director's formation. This part offers practical advice about counseling and directing

Sales planning and operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales planning and operations - Assignment Example n mix is business tools that are used by entrepreneurs to pass information effectively to customers regarding the various benefits of their goods and services (Baker 2014). Therefore, it involves combining strategies and allocating resources in a cost-effective way. One of the objectives of a promotional mix is to increase the demand of a product or service. During product cycle, this strategy is used to increase the sales although a product may reach a saturation point, and the company turns to a new product. The Second objective is presenting information about the existence of the products and services. The customers or consumers need to understand the full information about the product that may include its availability and benefits. The last objective is to differentiate the product. In circumstances when we have many competitors in the market, firms opt to differentiate their products to look different from what their competitors offer. Personal selling is face to face or a direct two-way communication between the buyer and seller with an aim of making a sale. Moreover, it involves developing a good relationship with the customer, identifying their needs and also adjusts the products to fit their needs. More companies prefer personal selling because it results to more profit although it is costly. Personal selling is considered as more efficient in business growth. Therefore, it plays vital roles in supporting the achievements of goals of the promotional mix. Personal selling increases the demand of products and services by increasing the products’ awareness towards purchase. When customers become aware of the availability of the product, then its demand will increase since they will start buying it. Through presenting information to the customers, personal selling is good at explaining the products’ information or any aspect related to the products hence giving explicit information regarding the product (Smith, Gopalakrishna & Smith 2004). Business

Factors Affecting Kidney Function

Factors Affecting Kidney Function Kidney Diseases and end stage renal failure are not isolated to affecting just the kidney. All organs are affected by the disruption through Kidney disease and similarly other organs will also affect the kidney and how it functions. The following five diseases show the impact they have on the kidney, its function and pathophysiology. 2. HIV/AIDS Renal complications in patients with HIV/AIDS can be either as a result of the long-term repetition of, or simultaneous infections in an immune suppressed patient or as a result of the many drugs (nephrotoxins) used to treat the HIV/AIDS virus. The exact role that the HI-Virus plays in the pathology of the kidney is still controversial (James, 2005:1632-1633). There are a number of kidney diseases identified by means of biopsies associated with HIV, the most predominant one being HIV-associated Nephropathy. Others are Mesangial Glomerulonephritis where immune deposits are seen, to a lesser degree also minimal change disease, TTP/HUS, Amyloidosis and Lymphoma (Dolin, 2008:1257). It was shown that the type of nephropathy was also clearly defined by race, such being that people of Black African origin predominantly showed HIV-associated nephropathy whereas in other racial groups immune complexes played the major role (James, 2005:1632-1633). In a study done by Tygerberg hospital in conjunction with Stellenbosch university it has shown that 54% of biopsies done on Black HIV positive patients show HIV nephropathies, in the USA this figure shows that it is the 3rd most common cause of end stage renal failure (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011). In HIV-associated nephropathy there is sclerosis of the Glomerular apparatus as well as microcystic tubulointerstitial disease which is defined by the enlargement of the tubules with protein deposits in the tubular space as well as oedema in the surrounding tissue, fibrosis and inflammation (Dolin, 2008:1257). Where kidney involvement is due to immune complex deposits the entire nephron is involved; this can be as a direct result of infection from the virus or alternatively due to the release of cytokines when first infected with HIV (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011). Treatment forms include transplantation, which can however, pose problems with regard to medication interactions between antiretroviral drugs and immunosuppressants, furthermore a high rate of rejection as well as a high risk of cardiovascular disease post transplant are a problem (Trullas [in press]) Treatment consists of slowing the process to ESKD and treating the HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs, further treatment with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension, possibly immunosuppressant drugs or steroids and dialysis if kidney failure progresses to chronic (Greenberg, 2009:254) 3. Malaria There are four types of malaria parasites; the one that is generally known to show manifestations in other organs including the kidney is Plasmodium falciparum. There are over 500 million people infected with this parasite worldwide with an annual death rate of between 1-3 million. There are over 100 countries worldwide in which malaria is prevalent and many of these countries have reported a 0.57- 60% acute renal failure as a result of malaria. It has also shown that the acute renal failure associated with malaria is more common in adults than children in the tropics where transmission of malaria is low or unstable and where symptomatic disease occurs at all ages (Idonije, 2011:4-7) Acute renal failure occurs in a very small percentage of the cases infected, however the mortality rate can be as high as 45%. (Saroj, 2008:395) The exact pathophysiology of Malarial Acute Renal Failure is not known but there are many theories as to how the kidney is affected, namely through obstruction and adherence of the vascular space by disease affected and thus altered erythrocytes, this is known as erythrocyte sequestration. Further, immune complexes may be responsible for changes in the glomerular and tubular physiology. Dehydration due to sweating, vomiting and reduced fluid intake can lead to reduced perfusion of the kidney with ischemia resulting in acute kidney failure. Pulmonary oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome and anaemia are all factors that may complicate the malarial acute renal failure. Treatment options include the identification of the involvement of the kidney early on which may be difficult especially in home based treatment in the rural environment, renal replacement therapy (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), anti malarial drugs, intravenous fluid replacement (although this may lead to pulmonary oedema and must be closely monitored), diuretics which may reduce the time the patient requires dialysis, possible blood transfusion to help replace fluids as well as assist with the malaria induced anaemia and the avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs (Das, 2008:83-97). Mortality of patients increases with: high Creatine levels, oliguria/anuria, anaemia CNS involvement and late referral to a tertiary care center for early commencement of treatment, age plays no role in the mortality of these patients (Kanodia, 2010:1088-1091). 4. HUS/TTP There are three reasons for thrombocytopenia namely due to platelet destruction as in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), failure of platelet production as in malignancies and platelet sequestration (Underwood, 2009:585) TTP and HUS are both thrombotic microangiopathies and both are characterised by the deposition of clots in the small vessels of various organs, amongst these being the Kidney. There is a large clinical overlap between the two (Underwood, 2009:670). HUS is an acute disorder often following a haemorrhagic or diarrhoeal illness. It is characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, which is caused due to an increase in fibrin in the vessels and this fibrin network damages the erythrocytes causing anaemia. It has been established that HUS is associated with viral and bacterial infections especially in children (McCance, 2010:1408). Both HUS and TTP are linked to pregnancy related acute kidney failure but it is a rare occurrence. If they occur then HUS generally occurs postpartum whereas TTP is linked to preeclampsia and occurs pre delivery (Greenberg, 2009:410). The toxin released from a bacterium such as E. coli causes inflammation when it attaches to the wall of the intestine and from here enters the vascular system. It finds its way to the kidney where it causes damage both in the glomerular and tubular system through thrombosis, and inflammation and thus kidney failure. This infection may also cause fever, hypertension, cerebral and pulmonary oedema, congestive heart failure and seizures (Lerma, 2009:289). TTP on the other hand is caused by blockage of the small vessels through the accumulation of platelets causing vascular lesions in the central nervous system, heart and kidney causing organ failure or malfunction (Underwood: 2009:671). There are two types of TTP, one is chronic relapsing TTP which is rare and the other is idiopathic relapsing TTP. This is a lot more severe in its course and can be fatal within 3 months if left untreated (McCance, 2010:1046). Treatment for diarrhoeal related HUS is generally supportive, fluid-electrolyte replacement, blood transfusion and dialysis if needed. Recovery rate is high but there is a 3-5% mortality rate during the acute phase (DAgati, 2005:498) Glomerular involvement HUS has a better prognosis than HUS with a high vascular involvement. Compared to HUS, the TTP has less haemolysis and milder renal impairment but shows more neurological symptoms such as confusion, headache and motor and sensory defects. Treatment for TTP takes the form of plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma. Since the implementation of this therapy form the mortality rate has dropped by approximately 25% but with severe renal involvement it still has a poor prognosis. It may re-occur in 25% of the patients who have been successfully treated (DAgati, 2005:511). 5. HELLP Syndrome HELLP Syndrome is an acronym for Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets and is generally found in pregnant woman who have developed preeclampsia or eclampsia (Gould, 2006:120). Symptoms are Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, elevated liver enzymes are due to obstruction of the hepatic vessels by fibrin deposits and the low platelets are the result of either increased use of or the destruction of platelets (Counts, 2008:168). HELLP Syndrome may only develop during labour and as with preeclampsia the best cure is the delivery of the baby. Severe bleeding is unlikely unless platelet counts are very low (below 50 000/mm3). Severe thrombocytopenia or rupture of a subcapsular liver haematoma can both be life threatening (Ratcliffe, 2008:493) Many signs and symptoms such as jaundice, hematuria, GIT bleeds, gum bleeds can be seen in pregnant woman which are related to HELLP but could be mistaken for other diseases such as Hepatitis, ulcers, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, TTP or HUS so a full blood count is important to differentiate HELLP from other diseases (Queenan, 2007:275) HELLP Syndrome is one of the Thrombotic Microangiopathies as is TTP and HUS but as it is a result of preeclampsia it only occurs during pregnancy and then usually only in the third trimester. Preeclampsia is more common than TTP/HUS during pregnancy but with a lower risk of renal failure unless the case is a severe one. HELLP syndrome shows mild disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) which is characterised by uncontrolled coagulation, increase in bleeding time and liver enzymes (Greenberg, 2009:410) It can be potentially fatal to the expectant mother, decrease perfusion of placenta thus threatening the foetus (Counts, 2008:168) with a mortality rate of up to 24% for the mother and 7.7 60% to the unborn due to intrauterine asphyxia, placenta detachment or extreme prematurity (Feehally, 2007:350). In some instances symptoms do not improve after birth but generally the best therapy is the delivery of the baby. Corticosteroids may be used to help hasten the recovery and reduce the need for blood products (Feehally, 2007:350). Treatment is generally symptomatic; the stasis of any bleeding, blood products if a significant amount of blood was lost or is still likely to be lost without intervention, and the same applies for FFP. A cryoprecipitate may be given if the fibrinogen levels are low (for example Factor VIII from frozen blood) and fibrinolysis inhibitors may be considered in some patients (McPhee, 2009:474-475). 6. Rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis is due to damage of muscle cells as a result of a variety of factors and can become a life-threatening problem (McCance, 2010:1575). As a result of the damage of muscle cells, its contents (myoglobin, enzymes, potassium and phosphorus) leak into the blood stream. The kidneys secrete myoglobin as myoglobinuria in the urine (Lerma, 2009:109). Muscle cell damage can be due to a variety of reasons and amongst others are: Trauma, extreme exercise, seizures, compromised blood flow, electrolyte disturbances (such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia), drugs, temperature (hyperthermia, burns), inflammation and infections. Clinically this disease can vary from mild, with slightly elevated serum levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase (CK) to severe with the necessity for renal replacement therapy. Incidence of acute kidney failure due to rhabdomyolysis is as high as 5-15% (Greenberg, 2009:298-299). Renal insuffiency is due to the excessive amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney resulting in tubular injury and is generally also associated with hypovolaemia (McPhee, 2009:742). Large amounts of myoglobin may clog the nephrons with these being overwhelmed and may produce casts which will also cause obstruction in the tubules. Hypovolaemia is due to not only a decrease in fluid intake but also due to large amounts of fluid accumulating in the damaged muscle tissue (Counts, 2008:162-163). Decreased renal blood flow, hypovolaemia and acid urine all are signs that acute tubular necrosis is likely (Lerma, 2009:109). Treatment consists of hydration with high volumes of preferably IV fluids to increase the intravascular fluid volume, thus increase the perfusion of the kidneys and forcing diuresis, reducing the risk of cast formations in the tubules and increasing the GFR. In severe cases of rhabdomyolis the use of mannitol and bicarbonate to improve urine pH as well as high fluid volumes of up to 12l/24hours have proven beneficial, Dialysis may need to be commenced if urinary output remains low and with urea and hyperkalemia not responding to conservative treatment (Greenberg, 2009:302). Fluid administration must be carefully monitored, as there is a risk of pulmonary oedema in the face of acute kidney failure. The mannitol will assist in myoglobin clearance and urine flow and thus assist with the reduction of the nephrotoxicity of the myoglobin. CK levels will drop over a period of a few days provided there is no further injury to the muscle. Hypocalcemia is generally not treated in these instances, as the calcium tends to accumulate in the injured tissue (Lerma, 2009:112). 7. Conclusion Many external factors and diseases with origins elsewhere in the body, easily affect the kidney in its function. The above five diseases showcase just a small percentage of the many diseases and dysfunctions which affect the kidney in a multitude of ways and gives us an insight of just how important an organ it is.

Gillian Armstrong :: essays research papers

The first reason I chose Gillian Armstrong for my research paper is because I admire her dedication and ambition to become a director even though it was a male-dominated job at the time. She is an extremely ambitious and independent woman that didn’t let anything get in her way of pursuing her goal to become a director. The second reason I picked Gillian Armstrong is because she is the director of Little Women, which has been an all-time favorite film of mine since I was little.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Armstrong has explored several genres, including gangster, musical, and most frequently, period drama. The three films I am going to explore are My Brilliant Career, Mrs. Soffel and Little Women. These are all period drama films that evolve female characteristics and feature women in lead roles. These films demonstrate the stylistic pattern of story telling, (Carter, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gillian Armstrong produced My Brilliant Career in 1979. This film was the highlight of the period drama, which was popular in Australia at that time. Armstrong became the first woman to direct a feature length drama in Australia in 46 years, (Carter, 2002). The film is about Sybylla Melvyn, a sensitive, passionate young woman with high hopes for a writing career. When offered the opportunity to escape her outback station home to stay with relatives in New South Wales, she accepts willingly. In New South Wales, her cultural openness and writing career is encouraged. She eventually meets Harry Beecham who is wealthy and handsome. Sybylla struggles with the tough decisions between ambition and independence, and between love and marriage. She eventually sacrifices romance with Harry and takes a job as a governess in the McScwatt household while still pursuing her goal as becoming a writer. Sybylla eventually finds success as a writer and also as an independent woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Soffel was produced by Armstrong in 1984. This film was directed in Pittsburgh, and was her first American film, (Carter, 2002). This film is about a woman named Kate Soffel who is the wife of the warden of the Allegheny County jail. Her job is to distribute Bibles and read the scriptures to the prisoners. Kate is unhappy and unsatisfied with her lifestyle. She is tired of her husband constantly controlling what she can and cannot do. Kate eventually falls in love with Ed Biddle, who is a prisoner being wrongly sentenced to death by hanging for the murder of a grocer during a robbery.